The 5 Whys is a simple among many of the problem solving techniques that helps you to get to the root of a problem quickly. Made popular in the 1970s by the Toyota Production System, the 5 Whys strategy involves looking at any problem and asking: “Why?” and “What caused this problem?”

Very often, the answer to the first “why” will prompt another “why” and the answer to the second “why” will prompt another and so on; hence the name the 5 Whys strategy.

Benefits of the 5 Whys include:

• It helps you to quickly determine the root cause of a problem.
• It’s simple, and easy to learn and apply.

How to Use the Tool

When you’re looking to solve a problem, start at the end result and work backward (toward the root cause), continually asking: “Why?” You’ll need to repeat this over and over until the root cause of the problem becomes apparent.

Example

In this example, the problem is that your client, Hinson Corp., is unhappy. Using the 5 Whys, you go through the following steps to get to the cause of the problem:

1. Why is our client, Hinson Corp., unhappy? Because we didn’t deliver our services when we said we would.
2. Why were we unable to meet the agreed-upon timeline or schedule for delivery? The job took much longer than we thought it would.
3. Why did it take so much longer? Because we underestimated the complexity of the job.
4. Why did we underestimate the complexity of the job? Because we made a quick estimate of the time needed to complete it, and didn’t list the individual stages needed to complete the project.
5. Why didn’t we do this? Because we were running behind on other projects. We clearly need to review our time estimation and specification procedures.

Key Points

The 5 Whys strategy is an easy and often-effective tool for uncovering the root of a problem. Because it’s simple, you can adapt it quickly and apply it to almost any problem. From here there a lot of cases that  an inspection or audit can help to make sure the root causes are eliminated.

Bear in mind, however, that if it doesn’t prompt an intuitive answer, you may need to apply other problem-solving techniques.

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